Qatar: The joint defence agreement signed by Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan in Mecca is more than a three-country military partnership. It signals a changing strategic landscape in West Asia, where traditional security arrangements are being challenged and new centres of power are emerging. The most significant provision of the agreement is its collective-defence principle: an armed attack on any one of the three countries would be considered an attack on all three. On paper, the arrangement appears formidable. The real question, however, is whether Riyadh, Ankara and Islamabad would…
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Ukraine’s Defence Strategy in the Russia–Ukraine War: From Survival to Strategic Attrition
Kyiv: Ukraine’s defence strategy has undergone a remarkable transformation since Russia launched its full-scale invasion in February 2022. What began as a strategy of national survival and territorial defence has evolved into a much more sophisticated model combining layered defence, drone warfare, precision strikes, electronic warfare, decentralised innovation and attacks on Russia’s military infrastructure. The central problem for Ukraine remains stark: Russia has greater manpower, larger industrial capacity and greater quantities of artillery, missiles and other conventional military resources. Kyiv therefore cannot simply mirror Moscow’s approach. Instead, Ukraine has increasingly…
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