Lucknow: The rejuvenation of the Ganga River has been a central concern for environmentalists, policymakers, and the Indian government for decades. The river holds immense spiritual, cultural, and economic significance, flowing through the heart of India and serving as a lifeline for millions. However, over the years, unchecked pollution, industrial waste, urbanization, and the discharge of untreated sewage have threatened the river’s health. In the current times, the rejuvenation of the Ganga has become a national priority, with various initiatives spearheaded to restore its glory.
Historical Significance and Current Challenges
The Ganga, often referred to as the “lifeblood” of India, has been worshiped for centuries. It is believed that bathing in the river can cleanse one’s sins, and its waters have been considered pure and sacred. Yet, the very reverence for the Ganga has also contributed to its decline. Rituals like the immersion of idols, the disposal of ashes, and offerings made during festivals add to the pollution load.
In addition, industrial growth, particularly in cities along the river such as Kanpur, Varanasi, and Haridwar, has led to the rampant discharge of chemicals, dyes, and untreated waste directly into the river. According to government estimates, over 2.9 billion liters of sewage are discharged into the river daily, with over half of it untreated.
Namami Gange Programme: A National Mission
In 2014, the Government of India launched the Namami Gange Programme, an integrated conservation mission aimed at cleaning and rejuvenating the Ganga. With a budget of ₹20,000 crore, it is one of the largest river conservation efforts in India. This programme has a multi-pronged approach to rejuvenation, addressing pollution control, riverfront development, afforestation, and biodiversity conservation.
Key components of the programme include:
- Sewage Treatment Infrastructure: Building sewage treatment plants (STPs) to manage the untreated sewage that flows into the Ganga. By 2023, over 160 STPs had been completed, with many more under construction.
- Surface Cleaning: Mechanized river surface cleaning to remove floating solid waste, especially plastic, which has been a major pollutant.
- Rural Sanitation: Encouraging the construction of toilets and proper sanitation facilities in villages along the river, significantly reducing open defecation, which was one of the causes of water pollution.
- Industrial Pollution Control: Stricter regulations have been imposed on industries, especially in sectors like leather and textiles, which were significant contributors to river pollution. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) monitors industrial discharge, ensuring that effluents meet environmental standards.
Impact of Technology and Innovation
The Namami Gange mission has embraced modern technology and innovation to achieve its goals. Real-time water quality monitoring stations have been established along the river, providing data on the river’s health and ensuring that any changes are detected and addressed promptly. The use of drones and satellite imaging has also helped in assessing pollution levels and the effectiveness of clean-up efforts.
Another key innovation is the use of bioremediation techniques to treat polluted water in smaller tributaries before they enter the Ganga. This biological process uses microorganisms to break down harmful substances, offering a cost-effective solution to water treatment.
Afforestation and Biodiversity Conservation
Rejuvenating the Ganga is not limited to reducing pollution; it also involves the restoration of the river’s ecological balance. Afforestation projects have been initiated along the riverbanks to prevent soil erosion and maintain the natural flow of the river. Between 2015 and 2022, more than 80 lakh trees were planted in the Ganga basin, enhancing the natural environment and biodiversity of the region.
Additionally, efforts have been made to protect and conserve the Gangetic dolphin, which is considered an indicator species for the health of the river. The population of this endangered species had dwindled due to pollution, habitat fragmentation, and poaching. Under the Namami Gange programme, dedicated conservation efforts, including breeding programmes and strict anti-poaching measures, have been undertaken.
Role of Communities and Stakeholders
The Ganga’s rejuvenation is not solely dependent on government initiatives; it requires the active participation of the local population and various stakeholders. Several community-driven programmes have been launched to create awareness about keeping the river clean and to involve people in the clean-up process. NGOs, religious groups, and local communities have played a crucial role in spreading awareness about the harmful effects of pollution.
The “Ganga Gram Yojana” focuses on transforming villages along the Ganga into clean and green model villages. By promoting organic farming and sustainable agricultural practices, the programme aims to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which contribute to water pollution.
Cultural and Religious Involvement
Given the Ganga’s religious significance, cultural and spiritual leaders have been roped in to promote the cause of river rejuvenation. Festivals like Ganga Aarti in Varanasi, Haridwar, and Rishikesh attract thousands of devotees, and these platforms are used to raise awareness about keeping the river clean.
In recent years, there has been a shift in how religious practices along the river are conducted. For example, the immersion of idols during festivals like Durga Puja and Ganesh Chaturthi has seen a move towards the use of eco-friendly materials. Clay idols that dissolve easily in water and natural dyes are now encouraged to prevent the long-term pollution caused by traditional materials.
Challenges and Future Prospects
Despite the considerable progress made by the Namami Gange Programme, the task of rejuvenating the Ganga remains monumental. The sheer scale of the pollution problem, the increasing demand for water resources due to population growth, and the unchecked urbanization along the riverbanks continue to pose significant challenges.
Industrial compliance is another area where more stringent measures are needed. While penalties for non-compliance have increased, some industries continue to discharge untreated waste, relying on outdated technologies.
Climate change is another factor that threatens the long-term health of the Ganga. The shrinking of Himalayan glaciers, which feed the river, and unpredictable rainfall patterns are likely to affect water flow, adding pressure to the already stressed river ecosystem.
Looking forward, the success of the Ganga rejuvenation efforts will depend on a sustained commitment from the government, industry, and communities. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern technology, enforcing stricter regulations, and enhancing community participation will be key to ensuring the river’s revival.
The rejuvenation of the Ganga is a task that transcends government policies and technological innovations—it requires a collective shift in attitude. The Namami Gange programme has made strides in tackling some of the most pressing issues, but the journey is far from over. A cleaner, healthier Ganga is crucial not only for the environment but also for the millions of Indians who rely on it for their livelihoods. Through sustained efforts, the Ganga can once again flow as a symbol of life, purity, and prosperity for future generations.
