Islamabad: The September 2025 defense agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan marks more than just a bilateral arrangement; it carries significant implications for India’s diplomatic, energy, and security interests. Analysts note that the emerging China–Pakistan–Saudi axis, coupled with Pakistan’s strengthened military capabilities and potential nuclear collaboration, could challenge India’s “Act West” policy and influence in the Gulf.
Historically, Saudi–Pakistani military cooperation has existed since 1951, with thousands of Pakistani troops stationed in Saudi Arabia between 1979 and 1989 to safeguard the holy sites and counter regional threats. However, the current agreement comes against a backdrop of shifting geopolitical dynamics: doubts over U.S. security guarantees, rising threats from Iran, Houthi insurgencies, and Pakistan’s economic vulnerabilities.
The pact goes beyond defense cooperation, encompassing mutual security guarantees, counter-terrorism collaboration, intelligence sharing, joint military exercises, and economic-energy cooperation. While it provides Saudi Arabia with assurance against regional threats, Pakistan gains access to potential investments, oil supplies, and diplomatic support.
For India, the agreement raises concerns on multiple fronts. Pakistan’s strengthened military ties with Saudi Arabia could influence Gulf policy decisions and challenge India’s investments and energy partnerships in the region. There is also a possibility of indirect nuclear assistance, which could affect India’s security calculations. Additionally, enhanced Pakistani military capabilities and financial support from Saudi Arabia could stabilize Islamabad’s stance against India.
To address these challenges, India needs to actively deepen strategic relations with Gulf countries, diversify energy sources, strengthen naval presence in the Indian Ocean and Gulf, and ensure the safety of over eight million Indian expatriates in the region. Coordination with key partners such as the U.S. and Israel on defense and security will also be crucial.
Ultimately, the Saudi–Pakistan defense pact is a multifaceted development that demands India adopt a proactive and comprehensive strategy to safeguard its diplomatic, economic, and security interests in the evolving global order.
